God
Main article: God in Islam Main article: God in Islam
Allah means God in Arabic Allah means God in Arabic
See also: Oneness of God (Islam) and Allah See also: Oneness of God (Islam) and Allah
Islam's fundamental theological concept is tawhīd —the belief that there is only one god. Islam's fundamental theological concept is tawhid-the belief that there is only one god. The Arabic term for God is Allāh ; most scholars believe it was derived from a contraction of the words al- (the) and ʾilāh (deity, masculine form), meaning "the god" ( al-ilāh ), but others trace its origin to the Aramaic Alāhā . [ 32 ] The first of the Five Pillars of Islam, tawhīd is expressed in the shahadah (testification), which declares that there is no god but God, and that Muhammad is God's messenger. The Arabic term for God is God; most scholars believe it was derived from a Contraction of the words al-(the) and ʾ god (deity, Masculine form), meaning "the god" (al-Ilah), but others trace its origin to the Aramaic Alāhā. [32] The first of the Five Pillars of Islam, Tawhid is Expressed in the shahadah (testification), that declares which there is no god but God, and that Muhammad is God's messenger. In traditional Islamic theology, God is beyond all comprehension; Muslims are not expected to visualize God but to worship and adore him as a protector. In traditional Islamic theology, God is beyond all comprehension; Muslims are not expected to visualize God but to worship and adore him as a protector. Although Muslims believe that Jesus was a prophet, they reject the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus, comparing it to polytheism. Although Muslims believe that Jesus was a prophet, they reject the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus, Comparing it to polytheism. In Islamic theology, Jesus was just a man and not the son of God; [ 33 ] God is described in a chapter ( sura ) of the Qur'an as "…God, the One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him." [ 34 ] In Islamic theology, Jesus was just a man and not the son of God; [33] God is described in a chapter (sura) of the Qur'an as "... God, the One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him. "[34]
Qur'an Quran
The first sura in a Qur'anic manuscript by Hattat Aziz Efendi The first sura in a Qur'anic manuscript by Hattat Aziz Efendi
Muslims consider the Qur'an to be the literal word of God; it is the central religious text of Islam. [ 35 ] Muslims believe that the verses of the Qur'an were revealed to Muhammad by God through the angel Gabriel on many occasions between 610 and his death on June 8, 632. Muslims consider the Koran to be the literal word of God; it is the central religious text of Islam. [35] Muslims believe that the verses of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad by God through the angel Gabriel on many occasions between 610 and his death on June 8, 632. The Qur'an was reportedly written down by Muhammad's companions ( sahabah ) while he was alive, although the prime method of transmission was orally. The Qur'an was reportedly written down by Muhammad's Companions (sahabah) while he was alive, although the prime method of transmission was orally. It was compiled in the time of Abu Bakr , the first caliph , and was standardized under the administration of Uthman , the third caliph. It was compiled in the time of Abu Bakr, the first caliph, and was standardized under the administration of Uthman, the third caliph. From textual evidence Islamic studies scholars find that the Qur'an of today has not changed significantly since it was standardized [ 36 ] [ 37 ] From textual evidence Islamic studies scholars find that the Qur'an of today has not changed significantly since it was standardized [36] [37]
The Qur'an is divided into 114 suras , or chapters, which combined, contain 6,236 āyāt , or verses. The Koran is divided into 114 suras, or chapters, which combined, contain 6.236 verses, or verses. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily Concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community. [ 38 ] The Qur'an is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the "sourcebook of Islamic principles and values". [ 39 ] Muslim jurists consult the hadith , or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community. [38] The Qur'an is more Concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction, and is considered the "Sourcebook of Islamic principles and values". [39] Muslim jurists consult the hadith, or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Qur'an and assist with its interpretation. The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as tafsir . [ 40 ] The science of Qur'anic commentary and Exegesis is known as interpretation. [40]
The word Qur'an means "recitation". The word Qur'an means "recitation". When Muslims speak in the abstract about "the Qur'an", they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. When Muslims speak in the abstract about "the Qur'an", they usually mean the scripture as recited in Arabic rather than the printed work or any translation of it. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. To Muslims, the Qur'an is perfect only as revealed in the original Arabic; translations are necessarily deficient because of language differences, the fallibility of translators, and the impossibility of preserving the original's inspired style. Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Qur'an, or "interpretations of its meaning", not as the Qur'an itself. [ 41 ] Translations are therefore regarded only as commentaries on the Koran, or "interpretations of its meaning", not as the Qur'an itself. [41]
Angels Angels
Main article: Angels in Islam Main article: Angels in Islam
Belief in angels is crucial to the faith of Islam. Belief in angels is Crucial to the faith of Islam. The Arabic word for angel ( malak ) means "messenger", like its counterparts in Hebrew ( malakh ) and Greek ( angelos ). The Arabic word for angel (Malak) means "messenger", like its counterparts in Hebrew (malakh) and Greek (angelos). According to the Qur'an, angels do not possess free will , and worship God in perfect obedience. [ 42 ] [ improper synthesis? ] Angels' duties include communicating revelations from God, glorifying God, recording every person's actions, and taking a person's soul at the time of death. According to the Qur'an, angels do not possess free will, and worship God in perfect obedience. [42] [improper synthesis?] Angels' duties include communicating revelations from God, glorifying God, recording every person's actions, and taking a person's soul at the time of death. They are also thought to intercede on man's behalf. They are also thought to intercede on man's behalf. The Qur'an describes angels as "messengers with wings—two, or three, or four (pairs): He [God] adds to Creation as He pleases…" [ 43 ] The Qur'an describes angels as "messengers with wings-two, or three, or four (pairs): He [God] adds to Creation as He pleases ..." [43]
Muhammad Muhammad
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (the Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina , Saudi Arabia, is the site of Muhammad 's tomb . Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (the Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina, Saudi Arabia, is the site of Muhammad 's tomb.
Muhammad (c. 570 – June 8, 632) is the prophet of Islam. Muhammad (c. 570 - June 8, 632) is the prophet of Islam. He was a religious, political, and military leader who founded the religion of Islam. He was a religious, political, and military leader who founded the religion of Islam. Muslims view him not as the creator of a new religion, but as the restorer of the original, uncorrupted monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and others. Muslims view him not as the creator of a new religion, but as the Restorer of the original, uncorrupted monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and others. In Muslim tradition, Muhammad is viewed as the last and the greatest in a series of prophets —as the man closest to perfection, the possessor of all virtues. [ 44 ] For the last 23 years of his life, beginning at age 40, Muhammad reported receiving revelations from God. In Muslim tradition, Muhammad is viewed as the last and the greatest in a series of Prophets, as the man closest to perfection, the possessor of all virtues. [44] For the last 23 years of his life, beginning at age 40, Muhammad reported receiving revelations from God. The content of these revelations, known as the Qur'an, was memorized and recorded by his companions . [ 45 ] The content of these revelations, known as the Qur'an, was memorized and recorded by his Companions. [45]
During this time, Muhammad preached to the people of Mecca, imploring them to abandon polytheism. During this time, Muhammad preached to the people of Mecca, imploring them to abandon polytheism. Although some converted to Islam, Muhammad and his followers were persecuted by the leading Meccan authorities. Although some converted to Islam, Muhammad and his followers were persecuted by the leading Meccan authorities. After 13 years of preaching, Muhammad and the Muslims performed the Hijra ("emigration") to the city of Medina (formerly known as Yathrib ) in 622. After 13 years of preaching, Muhammad and the Muslims performed the Hijra ( "emigration") to the city of Medina (formerly known as Yathrib) in 622. There, with the Medinan converts ( Ansar ) and the Meccan migrants ( Muhajirun ), Muhammad established his political and religious authority . There, with the Medinan converts (Ansar) and the Meccan migrants (Muhajirun), Muhammad established his political and religious authority. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the Battle of Badr in 624, which was a Muslim victory, and the Battle of Uhud in 625, which ended inconclusively. Within years, two battles had been fought against Meccan forces: the Battle of Badr in 624, which was a Muslim victory, and the Battle of Uhud in 625, which ended inconclusively. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of Khaybar was subdued. Conflict with Medinan Jewish clans who opposed the Muslims led to their Exile, enslavement or death, and the Jewish enclave of Khaybar was subdued. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control. [ 46 ] By 629 Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless Conquest of Mecca , and by the time of his death in 632 (at the age of 63) he ruled over the Arabian peninsula . [ 47 ] At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control. [46] By 629 Muhammad was Victorious in the nearly bloodless Conquest of Mecca, and by the time of his death in 632 (at the age of 63) he ruled over the Arabian peninsula. [47]
In Islam, the " normative " example of Muhammad's life is called the Sunnah (literally "trodden path"). In Islam, the "normative" example of Muhammad's life is called the Sunnah (literally "trodden path"). This example is preserved in traditions known as hadith ("reports"), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. This example is preserved in traditions known as hadith ( "reports"), which Recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. The classical Muslim jurist ash-Shafi'i (d. 820) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in Islamic law , and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The classical Muslim Jurist ash-Shafi'i (d. 820) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in Islamic law, and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an. [ 48 ] The Sunnah is seen as Crucial to guiding interpretation of the Koran. [48]
Resurrection and judgment Resurrection and judgment
Belief in the "Day of Resurrection", yawm al-Qiyāmah (also known as yawm ad-dīn , "Day of Judgment" and as-sā`a , "the Last Hour") is also crucial for Muslims. Belief in the "Day of Resurrection", yawm al-Qiyamah (also known as yawm ad-Din, "Day of Judgment" and as-Sa `a," The Last Hour ") is also Crucial for Muslims. They believe that the time of Qiyāmah is preordained by God but unknown to man. They believe that the time of Qiyamah is preordained by God but unknown to man. The trials and tribulations preceding and during the Qiyāmah are described in the Qur'an and the hadith , and also in the commentaries of Islamic scholars . The trials and tribulations preceding and during the Qiyamah are described in the Qur'an and the hadith, and also in the commentaries of Islamic scholars. The Qur'an emphasizes bodily resurrection , a break from the pre-Islamic Arabian understanding of death. The Qur'an emphasizes bodily resurrection, a break from the pre-Islamic Arabian understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God. [ 49 ] It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of mankind, culminating in their judgment by God. [49]
The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, usury and dishonesty. The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief, usury and dishonesty. Muslims view paradise ( jannah ) as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. Muslims view paradise (jannah) as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. There are also references to a greater joy—acceptance by God ( ridwān ). [ 50 ] Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God. [ 51 ] There are also references to a greater joy-acceptance by God (mercy). [50] Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God. [51]
Predestination and free will Predestination and free will
Main articles: Predestination in Islam and Adalah Main articles: Predestination in Islam and is
In accordance with the Sunni Islamic belief in predestination , or divine preordainment ( al-qadā wa'l-qadar ), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. In accordance with the Sunni Islamic belief in predestination, or divine preordainment (al-qadā wa'l-qadar), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as "Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'…" [ 52 ] For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as "Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector' ..." [52] For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil , has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. According to Muslim theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Muslim Theologians, although events are pre-ordained, man possesses free will in that he has the faculty to choose between right and wrong, and is thus responsible for his actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in al-Lawh al-Mahfūz , the "Preserved Tablet". [ 53 ] According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in al-Lawh al-Mahfuz, the "Preserved Tablet". [53]
The Shi'a understanding of free will is called "divine justice" ( Adalah ). The Shi'a understanding of free will is called "divine justice" (Is). This doctrine, originally developed by the Mu'tazila , stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. This doctrine, originally developed by the Mu'tazila, stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things. [ 54 ] In contrast, the Sunni deemphasize the role of individual free will in the context of God's creation and foreknowledge of all things. [54]
Duties and practices Duties and practices
Five Pillars
- The shahadah [ 56 ] , which is the basic creed or tenet of Islam that must be recited under an oath with the following specific statement: " 'ašhadu 'al-lā ilāha illā-llāhu wa 'ašhadu 'anna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh ", or "I testify that there is none worthy of worship except God and I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of God." The shahadah [56], which is the basic creed or tenet of Islam that must be recited under an oath with the following specific statement: " 'ašhadu' al-la ilaha illa-llāhu wa 'ašhadu' anna Muhammadan rasūlu-god", or "I testify that there is none worthy of worship except God and I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of God." This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam. This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam. Muslims must repeat the shahadah in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed. [ 57 ] Muslims must repeat the shahadah in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed. [57]
- Salah , or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day . One, or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. Each salah is done facing towards the Kaaba in Mecca. Each one is done facing towards the Kaaba in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God , and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship . One is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses Gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called Adhan (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. In many Muslim countries, reminders called Adhan (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local Mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the Arabic language , and consist of verses from the Qur'an. [ 58 ] The prayers are recited in the Arabic language, and consist of verses from the Koran. [58]
- Sawm , or fasting during the month of Ramadan . Sawm, or fasting during the month of Ramadan. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to Dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. Sawm is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their Gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. Sawm is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an Undue Burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly. Some Muslim groups do not fast during Ramadan, and instead have fasts at different times of the year. [ 59 ] Some Muslim groups do not fast during Ramadan, and instead have fasts at different times of the year. [59]
- Zakat , or alms-giving . Zakat, or alms-giving. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a "trust from God's bounty". The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a "trust from God's Bounty". The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving ( sadaqah ). [ 60 ] The Koran and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (sadaqah). [60]
- The Hajj , which is the pilgrimage during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the city of Mecca. The Hajj, which is the Pilgrimage during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the city of Mecca. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it must make the Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in Ihram clothing , which consists of two white seamless sheets. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in Ihram clothing, which consists of two seamless white sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba, touching the black stone if possible, walking or running seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah , and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina . Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba, touching the black stone if possible, walking or running seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah, and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina. The pilgrim, or the hajji , is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing. [ 61 ] The pilgrimage, or the Hajji, is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of Devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing. [61]
Law Law
The Sharia (literally: "the path leading to the watering place") is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship, which most Muslim groups adhere to. The Sharia (literally: "the path leading to the watering place") is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic scholarship, which groups most Muslims adhere to. In Islam, Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and "constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief". [ 62 ] In Islam, the Sharia is the expression of the divine will, and "constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief". [62]
Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and foreign relations , to issues of daily living. Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and foreign relations, to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines hudud as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an defines hudud as the punishments for five specific crimes: unlawful intercourse, false accusation of unlawful intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway Robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of inheritance , marriage , and restitution for injuries and murder , as well as rules for fasting , charity , and prayer . The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of inheritance, marriage, and Restitution for injuries and murder, as well as rules for fasting, charity, and prayer. However, these prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so their application in practice varies. Islamic scholars (known as ulema ) have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations. [ 63 ] However, these prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so their application in practice varies. Islamic scholars (known as Ulema) have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations. [63]
Fiqh , or "jurisprudence", is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. Fiqh, or "jurisprudence", is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as usul al-fiqh ("legal theory", or "principles of jurisprudence"). The method Islamic jurists use to derive Rulings is known as al-fiqh proposal ( "legal theory", or "principles of jurisprudence"). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists ( ijma ), and analogical reasoning ( qiyas ). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (scholarly consensus), and analogical reasoning (qiyas ). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the 9th century, the jurist ash-Shafi'i provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book ar-Risālah . [ 64 ] In the 9th century, the Jurist ash-Shafi'i provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book al-Risala. [64]
Religion and state Religion and state
Main articles: Political aspects of Islam , Islamic state , and Caliphate Main articles: Political aspects of Islam, Islamic state, and Caliphate
Mainstream Islamic law does not distinguish between "matters of church" and "matters of state"; the ulema function as both jurists and theologians. Mainstream Islamic law does not Distinguished between "matters of church" and "matters of state"; the Ulema function as both jurists and Theologians. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called "Grievance courts" over which they had sole control. In practice, Islamic rulers frequently bypassed the Sharia courts with a parallel system of so-called "Grievance courts" over which they had sole control. As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. Turkey has been governed as a secular state ever since the reforms of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk . As the Muslim world came into contact with Western secular ideals, Muslim societies responded in different ways. Turkey has been governed as a secular state ever since the Reforms of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. In contrast, the 1979 Iranian Revolution replaced a mostly secular regime with an Islamic republic led by the Ayatollah Khomeini . [ 65 ] In contrast, the 1979 Iranian Revolution replaced a mostly secular regime with an Islamic republic led by the Ayatollah Khomeini. [65]
Etiquette and diet Etiquette and diet
Main articles: Adab (behavior) and Islamic dietary laws Main articles: Adab (behavior) and Islamic dietary laws
Many practices fall in the category of adab , or Islamic etiquette. Many practices fall in the category of adab, or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with " as-salamu `alaykum " ("peace be unto you"), saying bismillah ("in the name of God ") before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring . Islamic burial rituals include saying the Salat al-Janazah ("funeral prayer") over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. This includes greeting others with "as-salamu` alaykum "(" peace be unto you "), saying bismillah (" in the name of God ") before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal Cleanliness and health, such as the circumcision of male offspring. Islamic Burial rituals include saying the Salat al-Janazah ( "funeral prayer") over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims are restricted in their diet. Muslims are restricted in their diet. Prohibited foods include pork products, blood, carrion , and alcohol . Prohibited foods include pork products, blood, carrion, and alcohol. All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food. [ 66 ] Food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food. [66]
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